Annotated Bibliography On Climate Change - 2488 Words

Annotated bibliography issue 1: Climate Change in Canada 1.Working together to fight Climate Change. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2016, from http://climatechange.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En Information from the Canadian Government website explains some factual information about what climate change is and how it is affecting Canada. From the website, it highlights some key information and basically explains what climate change is. It explains the causes and impacts of climate change and possible solutions to help the environment. On David Suzuki’s website, it explains in detail what climate change is and how it occurs through the burning of fossil fuels and cutting down trees. On his website, it has many great articles on different types of environmental issues. The website talks about what the impacts of climate change and how it would affect everyone all over the world through droughts and heavy rain and other types of extreme weather events. 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Managing People and Organizations Negotiation or Mediation

Question: Describe about the Managing People and Organizations for Negotiation or Mediation. Answer: Introduction Conflicts will be solved through negotiation or mediation. Let's talk here of the conflict from the psychological perspective. Not all conflicts can or should be resolved through negotiation or mediation. For most of conflict negotiation it is usually a good settlement mechanism. Sometimes it is desirable not to let the negotiation and conflict comes to the end. Negotiation is a process whereby interested parties resolve disputes, agree on courses of action, seeking individual or collective benefits or seek to obtain results that serve their mutual interests. Conflicts can be faced with other types of mechanisms such as: The denial of the conflict (leading to a postponement of the conflict).The more spontaneous and natural tendency is domination (actually subjects too often what they seek is to dominate, subdue or overcome the contrary). Domination is often not fully aware (nor other attitudes adopted). This occurs both because society supports and premium competitiveness from psychology and must change this attitude (Armbrust, 2000). Conflict theory Conflict theory (TC) comes from the world of military strategy. The classical scholars of conflict, from Tucdedes and Sun Tzu, Machiavelli to Marx and Von Clausewitz, focused on a specific aspect of the conflict: power. These mechanisms are alternative ways to solve conflicts. Almost all things are negotiable. But there are others that are not. The negotiable: almost everything. The non-negotiable: central or held beliefs (abortion, belief in gods, is the core beliefs we identify ourselves. Rubin criticisms: there are indeed core beliefs but often the meaning has to depend on how they are addressed or express.It is absolute when the objectives are completely different when what wins it loses one another. Often it is modulated by social and cultural mechanisms (Biech, 2008). It is relative positions are perceived as antagonistic, but are not completely opposed (there are some compatible issues, which have in common). Most of the incompatibilities are relative. Desiderative thought: anchored to desire, emotional. It is not a rational thought. Perversion of the conflict: impression formation, the ultimate expression of the mystification of the formation of impressions is the self-fulfilling prophecy (the formation of impressions can create realities: a thought causes a behavior to the other which is interpreted as the first thought and returns the erroneous thinking the other in the form of behavior, confirming the first erroneous thinking. Or something like that!) (Conflicts, 2010). Cognitive reactance: the emotional reaction usually undirected cut to an individual when they perceive that their freedom is inadequate or unfairly limited. Goodness Dispute The primary connotation of the term conflict is negative. When this issue is raised there are 2 large positions: Sociological (Frankfurt School): The conflict is good, because it is the engine of social change. For Marxists conflict equal expression of change Constructive or negative attitude towards finding solutions in conflicts and negotiations No matter how the conflict works, it is important how people act. If people have a negative attitude, the conflict will be negative and if positive would be a constructive conflict. The consequences have the same problem as the cause. There is talk in terms of values and a problem to wait out, so it is difficult to intervene in a conflict. Any dispute involves a number of risks; to the extent possible be minimized. Risks and alter the channels of communication and interactions, increased perceptual distortions and prejudices, promoting polarity and hostility, self-concept and self-image, reduced sense of efficacy, decreased work motivation, in the absence cooperation; increased effort and loss of work capacity or when the conflict transcends loss of credibility of the organization and trust between users (Dahms, n.d.). Some authors speak of negative elements rather than risk conflict. Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire This model has an advantage: a questionnaire to measure what the general attitude of the individual to the conflict is made. Measure this kind of attitude in 3 different situations: If the conflict has a superior to a subordinate or equal to it. The styles are often insufficient. These are general styles of conflict because there are so many styles of conflict and ways to address them. This point refers to the type of conflict; the next point is how to deal with conflict. Social skills related to conflict Intelligence was taken as a good predictor of the ability to solve problems. He also spoke of the existence of a factor G, because it could think there was a break between the intellectual capacity of an individual and the ability of social action. Over time the need to develop a new element had; social intelligence, emotional intelligence. Different forms of behavior can be employed skills to deal with different types of problems or conflicts. And these forms can be trained: train behavioral patterns to resolve conflicts. There is a possibility that individuals learn skills to address specific problems (identify the problem, standardize the performance, performance testing). Social skills play a key role role-playing and case analysis. Both techniques are the main approach to training.Also in the field of conflict and negotiation they have studied the social skills that best suit each case: Assertiveness It has to do with "self-affirmation". Feeling a person who claims his desires, his ideas the person manifests herself consistent. With regard to conflicts, assertive person is manifested in a resolute way, seeks to solve the problems, addressed to resolve the conflict and tends to the domination of the other party. No waiver of the interests of one, but neither attempts to pass above the other. Negotiation Way of resolving conflicts of all kinds. To negotiate must be conflict and the parties must know and analyze it. It is the most effective social skills. The processes of conflict and conflict negotiation intermingle, are not linear. (No strings like occur, first conflict and then negotiating) Unions now prefer negotiations to confrontation. The system is what we have, but what we need to do is improve it. Johari window Model It is a technique used for knowing the relationship between two or more interrelated parties within a social set up. A very important element in the negotiating power: balance / imbalance of power. In the case of imbalance, one party is more powerful than the other. This is not a negotiation as it occurs in all terms because the powerful party imposes rather than negotiate. But it does not have to, because with external pressures can be a good bargain (Davies, n.d.). For a negotiation to work well has to be a balance of power (not to be a very large imbalance). Power, often viewed from a quantitative perspective (who has more) but can also be qualitative (ability to generate a good negotiation, to influence third parties, coalitions do ...). It is the bargaining power. The power can also be rebalanced institutionally (eg. In divorce law welcomes more women because it is believed more helpless because there is work ..., the law protects women and rebalance the power in this conflict). Communication and interaction process: negotiation in this process. Thus, the negotiation falls squarely in social psychology, but also studied from the law, economics, and human resources. is an interdisciplinary event. The assumptions are that It is a peaceful process of dialogue and communication. It does not support pressures. Until they do not end the negotiation does not start. There is no negotiation under pressure. Types of negotiation intrapersonal Control: cognitive dissonance. In informal negotiation roles is given by the agents of conflict. Formally, the role of president, representatives, and consultants .There are indispensable roles (the negotiator) and there are other sides (third parties, consultants). Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI) This is a multi- rater diagnostic tool that is designed to vary and weigh the social intelligence and emotional competencies. It helps to build interrelation boundaries in conflicts and negotiations. Relationship "mixed motive": negotiator meets a role conflict. It is an antagonist of the other party; it must grant and obtain (2 reasons) things about him, to resolve the conflict: paradox negotiator. Negotiation is a voluntary process: one retires when he wants. This will give you great flexibility and the parties make a joint decision not imposed (Daft Marcic, 2014). It is not a perceptually anchored process: it is assumed that when the parties perceive that they will not give more others, but it is a perception and not know if you really would yield more other or not. A point that is often overlooked, both in business and in personal interactions, is to recognize if we are in a favorable situation for negotiation. In general, most of the situations faced by the interests of the people are resolvable through negotiation. However, on a few occasions, we find ourselves in situations that are not resolvable from the conceptual framework of a traditional negotiation (Phan Baurain, 2011). Strengths and weaknesses Conflict as an opportunity. A conflict can be an opportunity. Positive aspects of the conflict: engine of change, perceived effectiveness, new communication channels, opportunity to learn negotiation skills, opportunity to promote cohesion and group identity, opportunity to improve interpersonal perceptions, promoting recognition of different views, contribution the creation of positive values (cooperation, competition, respect, participation, etc.) Behind every conflict there is always a change. Ask whether it is good to conflicts to bring about change, presents the problem of riding a little conflict is real, and it probably is not the right approach. The first thing is to know which aspects you want to change and not all change involves conflict. In principle conflict does not invigorates if this does not change. Conflicts, when unchecked, have a tendency to increase (increasingly large and difficult to control). It is not just a quantitative increase conflict, but appears in other psychological and social phenomena that make it even more complex (Mayer, n.d.).If, however, a possible negotiation situation, our fears and distrusts make us adopt positions that we build ourselves the worst possible scenario. Therefore, mistaking a negotiating situation with conflict management is a serious mistake that we can not afford. Then we analyze the aspects that distinguish negotiation and conflict and give some guidelines to address these situations. Areas of Capabilities Distinguish between negotiation and conflict In general; the conflict word is used as a conflict of interests. In fact, it is considered to negotiation as one of the MARC's (alternative methods of dispute resolution).Let us now use the word conflict in a similar sense to that used in battles, i.e. situations where traditional negotiations would not lead to a good end result. Similarly, in business and, more commonly, in the political, ambushes occur, that is, actions that the other party does not seek an agreement, but to provoke a strong, devastating effect that put in a situation advantage and often permanently eliminate our chances (Tieleman Buelens, 2012). How to tell when we are in a negotiation situation or conflict? Normally, for a negotiation situation it is of, we need two conditions or rules: Rule gain of the parties states that negotiation is seen as a process in which all parties will win something. It is also called the rule we all win. We consider that which no one of these rules will lead to a conflict in that ambush, as we indicated before met. Conclusion The application of the theory of conflict (TC) to work or personal relationships is not without controversy. Assimilation or use of techniques that have been used by the great military strategists contains a certain aspect of violence and possibly perversion that has overshadowed this theory for many years. Only in recent years, with the award of several Nobel prizes applications conflict theory to biology or economics; they have restored the position that should have occupied this branch of knowledge. Like any other tool, CT is capable of being used for a few ethical purposes. We are going to focus on the ethical use and both useful, which is to encourage negotiations (Mayer, n.d.). When a negotiation takes place, there are many tensions affecting the negotiators. Arguments happen from one side to another and it is possible that at some point, communication degrading and reach a point of tension that makes the relationship, as we indicated in the rule of common sense, left broken and disable the way of trading. References Armbrust, W. (2000). Mass mediations. Berkeley: University of California Press. Biech, E. (2008). The Pfeiffer book of successful team-building tools. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. Conflicts. (2010). Cambridge. Daft, R. Marcic, D. (2014). Building management skills. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dahms, H. Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Davies, S. Johari's window. Dynes, R. (2008). Instant session plans for essential life skills. Lyme Regis, Dorset: Russell House Pub. Johari window. (2012). [Place of publication not identified]. Mayer, B. The conflict paradox. Nystuen, G. (2005). Achieving peace or protecting human rights?. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Pfetsch, F. (2007). Negotiating political conflicts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Phan, L. Baurain, B. (2011). Voices, identities, negotiations, and conflicts. London: Emerald Group Pub. Phillips, B. (2001). The mediation field guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Tieleman, K. Buelens, M. (2012). Negotiations. Leuven: LannooCampus. Wall, J. (2008). Mediations in Cultural Spaces. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub.

Structural Features of Compare and Contrast Essay

Structural Features of Compare and Contrast Essay Persuasive essays are written to convince the target audience to share in a writer’s worldview. The writer can either decide to oppose or propose a topic. In each case, sound arguments have to be expressed to strengthen the topic. The writer has to deeply nurture understanding among readers. This is by stressing the reliability of the adopted standpoint and the unreliability of the countered standpoint. The thesis statement must also increase readers’ faith in the persuasive essay. A persuasive essay furnished with a strong thesis accomplishes the intended purpose. A strong thesis realizes the following: Gives readers a clear explanation of the essay’s key message. Ensures the essay retains rationality entirely. Below is a list of tips on writing a strong thesis for a persuasive essay. 1. Write a precise thesis A strong thesis informs readers of the purpose of the persuasive essay accurately. It adopts a thoughtful attitude in revealing arguments. The readers do not strain to understand what the writer is really talking about. A strong thesis example- online marketing has more power than traditional marketing methods because it overcomes geographical barriers in creating awareness about education opportunities in colleges. 2. Integrate an opinion A persuasive essay writing process requires expression of an authentic and sound opinion by a writer. Writers should write a thesis only if certain they have established a great opinion about the topic of concern. It is essential because a claim must be evident in the thesis. It should have the ability to be challenged by readers. Evaluating whether thesis statement has the potential to be challenged should be done. It is one way of finding out if strong thesis has been written. If it is discovered that the thesis is a mere presentation of facts that cannot be disputed, it is a sign of a weak thesis. 3. Include evidence Evidence is included to support a writer’s opinion in a thesis statement. Evidence adds weight to the thesis. It displays a writer’s wealth of information about the topic of discussion. When evidence is used, it is less difficult for a writer to persuade readers to accept his standpoint. The reader develop confidence in the topic which is sustained until the end. Sometimes a thesis can involve advancing an argument that readers are not conversant with. To maintain its credibility, evidence can be included and the claim made afterwards. Highlight the evidence first increases awareness among readers. They are able to establish to connect with the essay. 4. Address the why and how questions This is one technique of writing a strong thesis. It makes a thesis focused and practical. Failure to address either of these questions destabilizes the power of a thesis. The earlier example about online marketing and traditional marketing given in point number meets this requirement. It explains why online marketing is effective in contrast to the old-style marketing. The supremacy of a persuasive essay is not determined by how many arguments are advanced. It is the writing style that strengthens the arguments. One determinant that boosts the writing style is a well written thesis statement as explained in the aforementioned tips. Writers should continuously employ the tips to sway the mode of thinking of readers towards their perceptions.

How Jane Eyre and Shirley Valentine achieve independence Essay Example

How Jane Eyre and Shirley Valentine achieve independence Essay Example How Jane Eyre and Shirley Valentine achieve independence Paper How Jane Eyre and Shirley Valentine achieve independence Paper Essay Topic: Jane Eyre Literature Jane Eyre begins with Janes childhood and how she treated by the Reed family she lives with. She is bullied by Master John Reed and not treated with any respect or kindness by the older members of the household. Shirley Valentine has in a way a similar life but it starts much later in her lifetime: She is middle aged and married and feels not so much neglected but unappreciated by her husband and children (whom have grown up and left home). Then probably the most important part of each text is when the two characters take on a big change. For Jane it is when she is being bullied by Master Reed and is wrongly punished when she fights back which shows that she is not highly regarded in the household. She is punished by being locked in the red room and instead of just taking the punishment she fights and shouts at her captors. To further prove this was not normal behavior by Jane, Bessie (a housemaid) says she never did so beforecpt8 which miss Abbot replies But it was always in hercpt8. This last statement shows that this anger Jane suddenly let loose had been obvious to the staff in the house and was probably due to the behavior of Master Reed and other members towards her. This kind of behavior by Jane was showing an outside change in Charlottes world as the suffragettes were starting to make a change to society, as a few years before this kind of outburst by young women would never have been seen and definitely not tolerated. So I think this was a way for Charlotte Bronte to show that the world was changing and this was not a classic gothic novel of which we see evidence later in the text. So this was a new style of writing and was to change the way women were written about in books and even thought of in society. Shirley Valentine is looking back on her life when her biggest change in character appears. She looks back on her life when she and her husband Joe had just moved into their house, they were happy and Joe spent a lot of time at home with her and they were having fun. As the text turns back to the future it shows that Joes is working more and their lives have got into a rut and routine. Shirley thinks back again to a girl she met at school who was the opposite to Shirley at school; she tried at school and was well behaved while Shirley felt she just wasted her time at school. Its clear at the end of this section in the text she wishes she was in her school friends position now and thinks she would be living a more exciting and forfilling life. The exact time of Shirleys outbreak is when she brings home a steak for Joes dinner (which must be the same every week) and she feeds it to the dog next door, which Shirley feels is being neglected. When Joe comes home he gets angry with Shirley because she gave away his steak. Under all this Shirleys friend has offered her a trip to Greece which Shirley has not told Joe about. When Joe gets angry that evening she tells him and she shouts back at Joe, he almost convinces her its a stupid idea. Until she meets up with her school friend who is now a prostitute and tells Shirley to go, as does Shirleys neighbor who is very refined and quiet but seems to admire Shirley for leaving. The next day she left and had gone to Greece. Shirley left for Greece to escape from being a mother, as her daughter had just returned home from living away and was already treating Shirley like a slave, she also escaped Joe and the routine she had got into with him. In a way I think she was trying to be young again, which is unlike Jane, as Jane seems to want to grow up quickly. I dont think that Joe is entirely to blame for Shirleys change. It was written in the 1980s and this was a time when people were working harder and for longer hours than ever before. And the roles of couples at home were changing round and more women wanted to travel and see more of life as they had more time and money to do so. Going back to the Jane Eyre text Jane changed again when she met her friend Helen Burns at Lowood (an orphanage Jane is sent to by the Reed family). Which she is moved to, whom is thought to be the figure of Charlotte Brontes own older sister, Maria. Jane also becomes befriended with a young teacher at her school (Miss Evans). Together Helen and Miss Evans teach Jane to be a lot calmer and to change her pent up anger into passion, which would get Jane into less trouble. Miss Evans also shows a kindness Jane has never really had before and Jane sees that it is possible to have a friendship and mutual respect for people, like Jane has with Helen before Helen dies. Later on in Janes life she meets a man she has begun to work (Rochester) for and a relationship forms between them which I feel would not of happened if Jane had not had the guidance from her friends Helen and Miss Evans, as Rochester is very much as Jane was, and he too was in need of changing. This is similar for Shirley. While on holiday she meets a local man named Costas whom she has a relationship and she falls in love with the life she has now found and is not necessarily in love with Costas but just the thought that she is living. The end of this all comes when Shirley has to leave Greece as its the end of her holiday. Shirley decides to stay. Jane however end this part of her life and her relationship when she is to be married to Rochester who I think she has fallen in love with but still has doubts. When she is told that Rochester is already married, and his wife is mentally ill and she lives in the attic of his house. Instead of staying with Rochester Jane leaves and turns down a marriage of convenience to her cousin, St. John. Which is very similar to Shirley as Shirley decides not to go home and when she finds Costas in a bar with another woman and it is clear he is trying to woo her the same way he did to Shirley she is not bothered, she had turned down trying to be with Costas and Shirley phones her husband and asks him over to Greece to see her. I think that this experience has changed Joe, maybe he will appreciate Shirley more and they could have a better marriage. I think Shirley has now earned independence, instead of waiting on Joe and her children Joe now has to go to Shirley or risk loosing her. Shirley also has nobody she would rather be and is content with who she is and what she is doing. When Rochesters wife burns down his house and dies. Jane returns to him, now blind they then are together when she now leads him and she has independence and prowess over him. She had ignored any attempt of seduction from Rochester before his accident and she had refused a convenient marriage. She had also learned to forgive as when she went back to see the dying Mrs. Reed, when previously Jane had sworn never to return to her house and told Mrs. Reed: I will never call you an aunt again o long as I live. I will never come to see you when I am grown upcpt4 The fact that she did come back is the biggest sign of Janes change into an independent woman who is not ruled by her anger or overpowering family, lovers of friends. Jane was now independent. The texts have before seen as feminist text where both women are fighting against men in their lives and escaping control and traditional womens roles in society. For Shirley it was escape from a bored marriage and the home which she is practically a cleaner and cook. For Jane it was showing she was stronger in will than the men in her life and the text was not to be a traditional gothic novel in which, the heroine was usually saved by a man, unlike Jane who saved herself from abusive men (Such as Mr. Brockelhurst of her school who was a crushing force on the participants of the school) and Master Reed. Jane was also seen as romantic, but I dont think is. Jane is more independent than reliant on a partner whom she could easily of left and not married and I feel she might not be entirely happy or in love with Rochester due to the way they came together through tragedy and misfortune. To get across each story was done very differently. In Shirley Valentine, Shirley talks directly to the audience/reader but shown that she is talking to a wall which shows she is lonely and is a good way of reaching the audience and really getting a full show of thought and emotion. In Jane Eyre, Jane her life is observed and doesnt tell you her inner thoughts and views, but does give more room for speculation of how Jane feels about the people she encounters. I think that both characters value their independence most of all as they went so far to find. I also think they have similar views on the world around them and they both appreciate life more and can better now their lives have improved so much. A big difference in the style of these text is that it is a lot easier to relate to Shirley as she uses simple and modern language and its easier to follow her life and not get lost in complicated text. Although Shirley Valentine does go from present too past often and can be confusing to tell which is past or present. Though Janes life is chronological years are skipped forward between one chapter and another and so can again be confusing, especially when the text in Jane Eyre is decadent and almost unrealistic, and a lot of text maybe unnecessary. These differences tell us a lot about each character. Shirley is more down to earth and has a working class attitude and a strong accent which people can relate too. Jane sounds too had a wealthier upbringing and uses old language, which can set many readers out of touch with the character.

Managerial Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial Marketing - Term Paper Example Retention of the customers is a system which must be mastered because it is the key to success and profitability. Businesses start with dreams of financial independence and financial security. No business can ever start to germinate and soar to success without a good idea, a business plan, sufficient capitalization and mastery of at least two aspects of business, human resource management and marketing management. This paper zeroes in on marketing management Target market is defined as the specific groups of customers that a business entity aims to capture (www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82498.html). Today, there is stiff competition in practically all kinds of business so it is imperative that to capture these target markets, there be target market strategies. It is also important that these target markets be identified, a process called market segmentation and a market niche be established (Daly,2001,p.50). To do this, an earnest research should be conducted to identify who these people are who have needs and wants that can be met by the services or the products of the business entity. If the business has already been started, then research begins with one's own existing customers. The questions to be answered are: who are these people; what sort of lives do they lead; who influence their buying decisions; what purchasing power do they have; what

Energy Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy Sources - Essay Example Surprisingly enough, the number of supporters of this source of energy was still high among the American participants of the McRumours forum that discussed the pros/cons of the nuclear energy use a few days after the Fukushima disaster.Apart from financial benefits, it is often said that nuclear power is environmentally friendly. For example, Steven Kerekesfrom the U.S. Nuclear Energy Institute believes that nuclear power generation plays a prominent role in the reduction of carbon emissions around the world. However, the arguments in favor of the nuclear energy use seem lame if one considers the arguments against it.The financial benefits are evidently outweighed by health risks associated with dealing with nuclear power waste and meltdown. While a generation of power seems relatively clean if compared to fossil fuels, the by-products need to be stored for hundreds of years in secluded facilities, some of which are situated â€Å"deep inside the mountains†. Given the fact tha t high-level radioactive waste has to be kept for hundreds of thousands of years till it is recognized safe to be released into the environment, opponents of nuclear waste rightfully contend that in reality there does not exist a place in the world which is truly safe. Indeed, as Jim Riccio, Nuclear Energy Campaign Director for Greenpeace, says â€Å"nothing you put the waste in will last longer than the waste itself, so burying it basically acquiesces to the fact that it will eventually leak†¦.just like every other radioactive dump site.†... participants of the McRumours forum that discussed the pros/cons of the nuclear energy use a few days after the Fukushima disaster (â€Å"McRumors Forum†, 2011, [online]).Apart from financial benefits, it is often said that nuclear power is environmentally friendly. For example, Steven Kerekesfrom the U.S. Nuclear Energy Institute believes that nuclear power generation plays a prominent role in reduction of carbon emissions around the world. It does not affect the climate, therefore it is quite clean and safe, Kerekes said in his interview to Earth Techling back in 2010 (DeFreitas, 2010, [online]). However, the arguments in favor of the nuclear energy use seem lame if one considers the arguments against it.The financial benefits are evidently outweighed by health risks associated with dealing with nuclear power waste and meltdown. While generation of power seems relatively clean if compared to fossil fuels, the byproducts need to be stored for hundreds of years in secluded fac ilities, some of which are situated â€Å"deep inside the mountains† (â€Å"Nuclear Power: Risks and Rewards†, 2012, [online]). Given the fact that high-level radioactive waste has to be kept for hundreds of thousands of years till it is recognized safe to be released into the environment, opponents of nuclear waste rightfully contend that in reality there does not exist a place in the world which is truly safe. Indeed, as Jim Riccio, Nuclear Energy Campaign Director for Greenpeace, says â€Å"nothing you put the waste in will last longer than the waste itself, so burying it basically acquiesces to the fact that it will eventually leak†¦.just like every other radioactive dump site.† (DeFreitas, 2010, [online]). Apart from this, the aftermaths of nuclear accidents that occasionally happen throughout

Synthesis of Aquasomes With Different Compositions

Synthesis of Aquasomes With Different Compositions Executive Summary of Research Proposal (maximum 300 words) (Please include the problem statement, objectives, research methodology, expected output/outcomes/implication, and significance of output from the research project) The last three decades have witnessed remarkable and breathtaking advances in the field of biotechnology, biochemistry, molecular biology and peptide synthesis. These developments have facilitated the pharmaceutical industry to make remarkable progress in the development of peptide and proteins as drugs. Since proteins are known to be involved in essentially all biological processes and reactions, they represent a promising class of therapeutics. Administration of these classes of drugs to humans is formidable challenge for biotechnologist as well as pharmacist. The biggest problems lying in their governance are physical and chemical instability, poor bioavailability and lack of knowledge for delivering them. These problems can be solved by using the aquasomes. Aquasomes combines biotechnology and nanotechnology approaches. These sugar balls are the recent addition in delivery systems that have wider applications in peptide and protein delivery. Aquasomes are three-layered self-assem bled nanostructures. They contain solid nanocrystalline core lile calcium phosphate coated with polyhydroxy oligomers over which peptide and protein are adsorbed. The carbohydrate coating protects the peptide from dehydration and stabilizes the active peptide molecules. Structural stability is provided by solid core. Aqausomes maintains the conformational integrity of peptide which makes it ideal carrier system for delivery of peptides. In the proposed work Aquasomes, a novel nano drug delivery system compassing of hydroxy apatite (HA) core having carbohydrate coating will be prepared. Urokinase will be immobilized on these nanostructures for thromobolytic therapy. The prepared systems will be characterized for size, shape, size distribution, enzyme loading efficiency, and in vivo performance. The in vivo performance of the formulated aquasome will be compared with standard urokinase preparation. In Aquasome the steric hindrance is provided by polyhydroxyoligomers between enzyme and blood component (Plasma protein). Later RES cells assist in removing exogenous material from blood stream .The polyhydroxy oligomers maintain three dimensional conformation of enzyme and also helps in deferring recognizition from RES cells. Therefore it is proposed that aquasome not only act as dehydroprotectant but also preserve the three dimensional conformation of enzyme in blood, which enhanced dramatically the half-life of enzyme. So it is expected that proposed system can add new dimension in delivery of urokinase through its rapid onset of action, maximal efficacy and safety Research background including Problem Statement, Hypothesis/Research Questions, Literature Reviews, Related References and Relevance to Goverment Policy, if any. Problem statement Urokinase is a serine protease enzyme which is widely used as an anti-thromboembolic drug in thrombolytic therapy. Urokinase is a strong plasminogen activator. Activation of plasmin activates a proteolysis cascade which breaks down the fibrin polymers of blood clots. This makes urokinase a very important drug against vascular diseases.Urokinase has a half-life of 10-20 mins in plasma. Due to which it is needed to given patient in a short time span for treatment.2 These problems can be solved by using the aquasomes. Aquasomes combines biotechnology and nanotechnology approaches. These sugar balls are the recent addition in delivery systems that have wider applications in peptide and protein delivery. Aquasomes are three-layered self-assembled nanostructures. They contain solid nanocrystalline core like calcium phosphate coated with polyhydroxy oligomers over which peptide and protein are adsorbed. The carbohydrate coating protects the peptide from dehydration and stabilizes the active peptide molecules. Structural stability is provided by solid core. Aqausomes maintains the conformational integrity of peptide which makes it ideal carrier system for delivery of peptides.3,4 Hypothesis Urokinase is a thrombolytic enzyme having half life of 10-20 minutes. In the present work is an attempt is to retain the spatial properties of streptokinase i.e. three-dimensional conformation, which is a freedom internal molecular rearrangement generated by intermolecular interaction and a freedom of bulk movement. Using aquasomes a high degree of molecular preservation may be achieved by virtue of the significant degree of retained biological activity. The aquasomes also avoid the elimination of drug by reticuloendothelial system therefore sustained delivery of drug may be achieved, and a circulating bioreactor could possibly be developed which may be used as preventive measure to avoid probable vascular embolism Research Questions Is it possible to immobilize Urokinase on aquasomes? Do Aquasmoes will be able to preserve the activity of Urokinase? Is it possible to achieve sustain release of urokinase with aquasomes after PEGylation? Is it possible to use similar platform for other peptide drugs? Literature review Current status of research and development in the subject Kossovsky et al.5( 1995) reported first synthesis of aquasomes for delivery of protein antigen and mussel adhesive protein. After that around fifteen research publications were appeared in scientific community utilizing aquasomes for peptide and drug delivery. Recently Aquasomes were used in delivery of peptide and drugs like insulin6 and indomethacin.7 Vyas et al.8 also used aquasomes for hepatitis antigen delivery. The relevance and expected outcome of the proposed study Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and potentially life threatening condition which is still under diagnosed and undertreated.VTE treatment is full of risk as patient requires precise dosing of drugs with careful monitoring.9 Due to these problems in last decade lot of studies were done for developing novel antithrombotic agents. Urokinase is a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.73) enzyme which is also called urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). It is a thromobolytic agent. It was originally isolated from human urine, but it is also found in blood stream and the extracellular matrix. Urokinase directly activates conversion of plasminogen to plasmin which is a primary protein accountable for fibrinolysis.10 Urokianse has a half-life of 10-20 mins due to which it is not available in body for longer time. There is urgent need of a carrier which can carry the urokinase for longer time. Aquasomes is an answer for this need. As it carry the peptide with full retention of therapeutic activity for longer time. So there is a need of developing a drug delivery system for delivery of Urokinase in sustain manner11 It is projected that propose system can add new dimension in delivery of urokianse through its rapid onset of action, maximal efficacy and safety. References Degim IT, Celebi N. Controlled delivery of peptides and proteins. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:99-117 Erdogan S, Ozer AY, and Bilgili H. In vivo behaviour of vesicular urokinase. Int. J. Pharm.2005 295: 1–6 Juliano RL. Microparticulate drug carriers: liposomes, microspheres and cells. In: Robinson JR, Lee VHL, editors. Controlled drug delivery. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2005. p. 555-80. Rawat M, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S. Nanocarriers: promising vehicles for bioactive drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1790-8. Kossovsky N, Gelman A, Rajguru S, Nguyan R, Sponsler E, Hnatyszyn CK, et al. Control of molecular polymorphism by a structured carbohydrate/ceramic delivery vehicle-aquasomes. J Control Release 1996; 39:383-8. Cherian AK, Rana AC, Jain SK. Self-assembled carbohydrate-stabilized ceramic nanoparticles for the parenteral delivery of insulin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000;26:459-63. Oviedo RI, Lopez SAD, Gasga RJ, Barreda CTQ. Elaboration and structural analysis of aquasomes loaded with indomethecin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 32:223-30. Vyas SP, Goyal AK, Rawat A, Mahor S, Gupta PN, Khatri K.Nanodecoy system: a novel approach to design hepatitis B vaccine for immunopotentiation. Int J Pharm 2006; 309:227-33. Agarwal S, Lee AD, Raju RS, Stephen E. Venous thromboembolism: A problem in the Indian/Asian population? Indian J Urol 2009; 25:11-6. Agarwal Y.K, Vaidya H, Bhatt H, Manna K, Brahmkshatriya P Recent Advances in the Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases: Venous Thromboembolism Medicinal Research Reviews, 2007 ; 27:891-914, Kaur K,Kush P,Pandey RS,Madan J,Jain UK,Katare OP Stealth lipid coated aquasomes bearing recombinant human interferon-ÃŽ ±-2b offered prolonged release and enhanced cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells.2015; 59 :267–276 (b) Objective (s) of the Research Urokinase is an unstable (half-life of 10-20 mins) enzyme. Pharmacist plays and important role in their stabilization, formulation and effective delivery. Over all aim of this study is to develop urokinase immobilized aquasome. Aquasome will protect urokinase from degradation and dehydration. It will also enhance and sustain its thrombolytic activity with reduced side effects. Specific objectives will be 1. To synthesize aquasomes having different compositions. Aquasomes with different sugar coating will be synthesized. Sucrose, Trehalose , Lactose and Pyrodoxial-5-phospahte will be used for sugar coating. Characterization of these nanoparticulte system will done using Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Zetasizer and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD). Determination of particle morphology and distribution size analysis of nanoparticles will be performed. 2 To immobilize urokinase on aquasomes and coating of PEGylated phospholipids Optimization of aquasome formulations for maximum loading of enzyme will be performed. Enzyme activity will be measured for immobilized enzyme and later they will be coated with PEGylated phospholipids for sustain release. 3. Characterization of these nanoparticulte systems after immobilization will be performed using Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Zetasizer 3. In-Vitro evaluation of aquasomal formulations Aquasomal formulations will evaluated for protein (Urokinase) release. (c) Methodology The envisaged work shall be undertaken on the following lines (1) Preformulation studies 1.1. Identification test for proteins IR spectroscopy SDS PAGE 1.2. Identification Test of Formulation Adjuvants (Sugars) Molish Test Moore’s Test Polarimetric determination of sugars 1.3. Preparation of calibration curve of adjuvants (Trehalose and Cellobiose) 1.4. Preparation of calibration curve of Enzyme as a Protein 1.5 Preparation of Calibration curve of Enzyme in PBS (pH 7.4) and Plasma (2) Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxy Apatite 2.1 Optimization of the method for the preparation of Hydroxy Apatite 2.1.1 Characterization of Hydroxy Apatite prepared by self-precipitation Size and Shape e.g TEM and SEM Crystal properties e.g XRD 2.1.2 Preparation and Characterization of Aquasome 2.1.3 Optimization of the poly hydroxyl Oligomers concentration on Hydroxy Apatite 2.1.4 Optimization of drying condition 2.1.5 Optimization of Protein concentration 2.16 Characterization of Optimized Aquasome formulation. Confirmation of poly hydroxyl Oligomers coating by Zeta Potential measurement Determination of loading efficiency of various Aquasome formulations In-vitro release rate studies Assessment of Biodegradability of Different Formulation Retention of Enzyme Activity Reaction Kinetics of Aquasome adsorbed Urokinase Urokinase specific Antibody Detection (3) Stability studies of prepared formulation SDS-PAGE Storage Stability Expected Results/Benefit It is expected that proposed formulation will retain the spatial properties of urokinase i.e. three-dimensional conformation, which is basically achieved by freedom of internal molecular rearrangement for intermolecular interaction and without any bulk movement. Using carbohydrate based aquasomes a high degree of molecular preservation may be achieved by virtue of the significant degree of retained biological activity. The aquasomes also avoid the elimination of drug by reticuloendothelial system therefore sustained and controlled delivery of drug may be achieved. Therefore, it is aim to develop an Aquasome system being streptokinase to protect drug from degradation and dehydration as well as to enhance and sustain its biological activity with reduced side effects. It will help us in getting preliminary results which will be very useful in writing big research project grants to other funding agencies. It is also expected that this research work will allows us to publish quality publications.